Current Size: 100%
Bachelor of Applied Arts – Paralegal Studies |
The Business School |
Program AvailabilityLakeshore Fall 2012: Waitlisted |
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Type:
Degree
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Campus:
Lakeshore
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Program Code:
22011 |
Length: Eight semesters, beginning in September, plus one paid work term |
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CONTACT INFORMATION: Lola Nelson, enrolment services officer | 416.675.6622 ext. 3350 | lola.nelson@humber.ca
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The Paralegal Studies degree program is the only degree program of its kind in Ontario, combining the theoretical underpinnings of the legal system with practical applications. Paralegals provide important advocacy services for clients appearing before specialized tribunals such as the Ontario Landlord and Tenant Board, and before the Provincial Offences Court and the Ontario Small Claims Court. Clients are discovering that people who are properly trained with a paralegal education are able to meet many of their law-related needs in a cost-effective manner.
All professors in the program possess a graduate degree, as well as having extensive practical experience in the legal field. Humber’s multidisciplinary approach includes professional training in legal writing, advocacy and negotiations, and legal research. Faculty believe that properly representing a client entails understanding the client’s background and motivation; therefore, this program offers courses in psychology, sociology, political science, and the philosophical foundations of the legal system. Work placements offer on-the-job experience where students will utilize and sharpen new competencies.
The Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General, which is responsible for the administration of criminal, civil and family courts, spends over $200 million a year prosecuting crime. Provincial offences prosecutor is just one of the varied career opportunities open to you as a graduate from the Paralegal Studies degree program. On successful completion of this program and licensing exam, you may choose to work as a paralegal in a law firm, small claims court agent, legal researcher, court monitor, investigator, or paralegal firm manager. Employers include major paralegal firms, law firms, federal/provincial government departments, court administration offices, administrative boards and tribunals, and legal departments of corporations.
The program is endorsed by the Paralegal Society of Ontario, the Prosecutors’ Association of Ontario, and the Ontario Association of Professional Searchers of Record.
The Law Society of Upper Canada has reviewed and assessed Humber’s Bachelor of Applied Arts degree in Paralegal Studies and has determined that it meets the standards and competencies for paralegal education program accreditation.
Note: For information regarding faculty credentials for this program, visit humber.ca/faculty.
The paid work term is from May to August after semester six, and lasts 14 weeks. Students work with their placement advisor to find a placement that fits their career goals. Students are also encouraged to take career management workshops to develop effective job search skills. The school provides support, such as working with the legal community to identify paid work placement employment opportunities.
Note: For further information, refer to the Selection Procedures section in this publication.
Meeting the minimum requirements does not guarantee admission to the program.
Applicants who do not meet the above admission requirements should consider applying for Humber's Paralegal Education diploma program. Graduates of the Paralegal Education with a minimum overall GPA of 75 per cent or higher will be considered for admission to the four-year Bachelor of Applied Arts – Paralegal Studies degree program. Graduates may then complete the degree program with the equivalent of six semesters of full-time study plus a paid work term. Graduates must also possess ENG4U, Humber’s COMM 200 or COMM 300 with a grade of 70 per cent or more. Admission will be based on availability in the program.
Mature students (applicants 21 years of age or over) and/or transfer students (applicants with postsecondary education) should refer to the Mature and Transfer Student Admissions Regulations in this publication for admission criteria.
The 2012/2013 fee for two semesters is
- domestic $6,666.34
- international $12,800.
Amounts listed are the total of tuition, lab and material fees, student service and auxiliary fees for the first two semesters of the 2012/2013 academic year.
Fees are subject to change.
For more information visit Fees and Financial Assistance.
For information regarding fees for work terms, refer to Fees and Financial Assistance in this publication.
Humber awards degree scholarships automatically to graduating high school students based on academic achievement.
See the following chart for details. Some of the scholarships are renewable each year if you maintain an average of 80 per cent or more.
Degree Academic Average Scholarship
| 95%+ | $4,000 renewable |
| 90 - 94.9% | $3,500 renewable |
| 85 - 89.9% | $3,000 renewable |
| 80 - 84.9% | $2,000 renewable |
| 75 - 79.9% | $1,500 one time |
Tuition Bursaries
Humber offers tuition bursaries based on demondstrated financial need. Bursary information is available online at srs.humber.ca Make sure to apply early because bursaries funds may run out before the deadline dates. Deadline to apply: June 29, 2012 for programs starting September 2012.
Entrance Scholarships
Many of Humber's scholarships are based on grades and volunteer work experience. Scholarship details and application information can be found at humber.ca/admissions/scholarships.
OSAP
Find out if you qualify for the Ontario Student Assistance Program (OSAP). Visit osap.gov.on.ca.
On-campus Jobs
Earn while you learn! Students may apply to more than 900 on-campus jobs each school year. Competitive wages and flexible schedules are some of the perks of this program. Check out on-campus job listings at careers.humber.ca/workstudy.
Semester 1 | ||
| Course Code | Course | Credits |
| LASE 000 | Liberal Arts Breadth ElectiveLiberal Arts Breadth ElectiveCourse Code: LASE 000 Credits: 3 Students will be allowed to choose from a variety of breadth courses. These courses span a broad range of disciplines including sociology, psychology, philosophy, history, economics, and geography, among others. Elective offerings will vary from semester to semester. Academic Writing Anthropology | 3 |
| PLBA 100 | Philosophy of LawPhilosophy of LawCourse Code: PLBA 100 Credits: 0 This course will provide a context for our existing legal system by exploring the bodies of legal thought that theorize the sources and shaping of our laws. This course on legal philosophy seeks to reveal the historical, moral and cultural basis of our legal concepts, to examine the classical debate between positivist and naturalist schools of thought, and to critically compare the formalist and realist approaches to jurisprudence. The issue of morally motivated disobedience to particular unjust laws, and challenges to the legitimacy of entire legal orders are examined in exploring the limits of legal order.
Students will also explore the tensions between law as a protector of individual liberty and as a tool of democratic self-rule by analyzing the writing of Catharine MacKinnon, John Stuart Mill, Patrick Devlin, and Ronald Dworkin. The study of such contemporary issues as civil liberties, defining equality rights in the context of social justice and feminist approaches to the rule of law enable students to understand law in its function as a social institution. | 0 |
| PLBA 101 | Introduction to Canada's Legal SystemIntroduction to Canada's Legal SystemCourse Code: PLBA 101 Credits: 3 This course introduces students to the Canadian legal system and its role in Canadian society. The course canvasses the evolution, and explains the doctrinal underpinnings, of the common law and civil law traditions, which form the core of the Canadian system. The constitutional basis of legislative and judicial authority is examined together with the impact of the entrenchment of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in the Canadian Constitution. The course covers the fundamentals of property law, examining real property, personal property and intellectual property, and the priority issues that arise. Students are introduced to forms of business enterprises, and the liability of business entrepreneurs. In the context of consumer law, consumer protection remedies are evaluated for redressing transactions involving goods and services. | 3 |
| PLBA 102 | Small Claims Court 1Small Claims Court 1Course Code: PLBA 102 Credits: 3 This course introduces students to the role of the Small Claims Court in the administration of justice in Ontario, in facilitating access to civil justice. The scope of the court's jurisdiction is examined within the framework of its territorial, monetary and statutory parameters. Students will synthesize the court's rules and procedural requirements with the principles of proper pleading in developing pleadings, affidavits, and other court documents. The course will also cover preliminary considerations before resorting to the court process, assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the party's position, and the procedures that must be complied with in the proper prosecution or defence of claims. The purpose and range of court motions and applications receive detailed coverage, including motions relating to the interim recovery of personal property, enforcement of rights under the Repair and Storage Liens Act, and setting aside default judgments. | 3 |
| PLBA 103 | Tort and Contract LawTort and Contract LawCourse Code: PLBA 103 Credits: 3 This course examines the underlying principles of tort law and contract law, and the elements required for causes of action. The evolution of tort law, in its partnership with criminal law , is assessed for its effectiveness in compensating victims and deterring wrongdoing. In contract law, students cover the requirements for the formation of contracts, such defences as mistake, misrepresentation, undue influence and duress, the discharge of the contract by performance and frustration, breach of contract, and remedies for breach of contract. The application of contract law in the business context is canvassed, together with the impact of statutory developments on the common law principles. The full array of remedies for breach of contract is examined together with strategies in selecting the most appropriate remedy, and techniques in quantifying damage claims. A drafting exercise will provide the students with firsthand insight into the structure of contracts, and the interpretation of express and implied terms. | 3 |
Semester 2 | Course Code | Course | Credits |
| LASE 000 | Liberal Arts Breadth ElectiveLiberal Arts Breadth ElectiveCourse Code: LASE 000 Credits: 3 Students will be allowed to choose from a variety of breadth courses. These courses span a broad range of disciplines including sociology, psychology, philosophy, history, economics, and geography, among others. Elective offerings will vary from semester to semester. Academic Writing Anthropology | 3 |
| PLBA 151 | Charter of Rights and FreedomsCharter of Rights and FreedomsCourse Code: PLBA 151 Credits: 3 This course explores the impact of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in shaping our laws and judicial process. The reach of the charter in both conferring rights, and imposing the burden of rights is thoroughly explored with the assistance of interpretative approaches. Through case studies, students develop an understanding of the scope of such charter rights as freedom of expression, equality rights, and fundamental justice. The impact of section 1 of the charter in restricting those rights is systematically examined, including the criteria utilized in determining whether the limitation is reasonable. Special attention is given to the range of charter remedies, the protection of aboriginal rights, and the exclusion of evidence for charter violations. The course also addresses the impact of the charter in politicizing the role of the courts. | 3 |
| PLBA 152 | Small Claims Court 2Small Claims Court 2Course Code: PLBA 152 Credits: 3 This course provides in-depth coverage of the dynamics of both pre-trial and trial processes in the Ontario Small Claims Court. Students apply negotiation skills in more fully utilizing the settlement opportunities afforded at the pre-trial conference. In the trial process, the students develop organized advocacy skills to effectively represent their client's case in court proceedings. The interaction of the court agent with witnesses at trial is examined in the context of direct examination, cross-examination, and re-examination.
Students will perform a form of duty counsel to assist the public in accessing the court processes. Following judgment, students are introduced to the full selection of enforcement proceedings, and the techniques necessary to maximize collection results. In particular, the scope of the judgment debtor examination is explored, and the important consequences that result from non-compliance with its processes. | 3 |
| PLBA 154 | Introduction to Legal WritingIntroduction to Legal WritingCourse Code: PLBA 154 Credits: 0 This course provides students with practical guidelines and established rules of drafting as tools for developing legal documents in plain language. The course will emphasize the fundamentals of plain language drafting, including word selection, sentence structure, and the proper organization of material, that effectively democratizes legal language. Students will gain practical experience in drafting legal correspondence, editing standard precedents, and preparing routine legal documents.
A remedial approach will be taken in identifying unnecessary legalese, and transforming key representative documents into clear, plain language documents. The course also examines the principles of legislative drafting, and documenting terms of settlement. | 0 |
| PLBA 156 | Evidence and the Litigation ProcessEvidence and the Litigation ProcessCourse Code: PLBA 156 Credits: 3 This course examines the fundamental rules of evidence, including the emergence of the modem rule of hearsay evidence. The underlying principles supporting the common law and statutory exceptions to the hearsay rule also receive comprehensive analysis. Students confront the recurrent tension between probative value and prejudicial effect in determining the admissibility of various categories of evidence. Through case studies, the course investigates the scope of evidentiary burdens, privileged communications, and opinion evidence. Such related evidentiary concepts as materiality and relevance, and similar fact evidence and evidence of habit are applied to complex fact scenarios. In the context of court and tribunal proceedings, students learn strategies for the effective presentation of testimonial and documentary evidence. All stages of the litigation process are covered from pre-trial motions to the sequence of the trial, and from the disposition of the proceeding to cost/sentence submissions. | 3 |
Semester 3 | Course Code | Course | Credits |
| LASE 000 | Liberal Arts Breadth ElectiveLiberal Arts Breadth ElectiveCourse Code: LASE 000 Credits: 3 Students will be allowed to choose from a variety of breadth courses. These courses span a broad range of disciplines including sociology, psychology, philosophy, history, economics, and geography, among others. Elective offerings will vary from semester to semester. Academic Writing Anthropology | 3 |
| PLBA 203 | Legal HistoryLegal HistoryCourse Code: PLBA 203 Credits: 3 This course examines the development of the English common law in Ontario and the other common law provinces, and the recognition of the French civil law in Quebec. The sources of constitutional law in Canada are identified, followed by the contentious history of constitutional amendments. The distribution of legislative powers under the Constitution Act, 1867 to 1982, is examined, together with the role of the Privy Council and the Supreme Court of Canada in interpreting these powers and shaping federalism in Canada. The origins of the Canadian Criminal Code are contrasted with the common law approach in England. The evolution of the court system in Ontario is explored, together with legislative modifications to the common law that reflect current norms and values. Special attention is given to the evolving recognition of aboriginal rights, and the emergence of women's rights in the Canadian context. | 3 |
| PLBA 206 | Administrative LawAdministrative LawCourse Code: PLBA 206 Credits: 3 This course covers the fundamental principles of administrative law as they shape governmental action and delegation of powers to administrative tribunals. The course systematically analyzes the rules of natural justice, and their codification in the Statutory Powers Procedures Act, which ensure procedural fairness in administrative tribunal proceedings. Special attention is given to the applicability of charter protection, and charter remedies in redressing unfairness in quasi-judicial proceedings. The scope of judicial review in Ontario is examined under the regime prescribed by the Judicial Review Procedure Act, and in surveying the different standards of review developed by the courts. | 3 |
| PLBA 254 | Provincial OffencesProvincial OffencesCourse Code: PLBA 254 Credits: 3 This course examines the provincial offences procedural code governing the prosecution and
defence of provincial offences in Ontario. Students examine the rationale for the development of this distinct process for dealing with offences that are primarily regulatory in nature, but that can result in imprisonment or loss of livelihood for offenders. A comparison is made of the certificate of offence, information and parking infraction processes under the Provincial Offences Act, including their documentary and informational requirements. Strategies are developed for effectively advancing the prosecution or defence position at pre-trial disclosure, at motion hearings, and at trial. Evidentiary, procedural, and advocacy issues are examined, and solutions sought in the context of case studies, court observation reports, and simulated trials.
Substantive issues are canvassed by exploring the elements and specific defences of major offences under the Highway Traffic Act, the Liquor Licence Act, the Trespass to Property Act, and the Environmental Protection Act. In the sentencing process, students analyze the relevant mitigating and aggravating factors, and the availability of court discretion in imposing sentence. | 3 |
| STAT 202 | Statistics for Paralegal StudiesStatistics for Paralegal StudiesCourse Code: STAT 202 Credits: 3 This course examines statistical techniques for presenting, analyzing, and interpreting facts in a quantitative format. Students gain an understanding of quantifying and organizing data, measuring variables, and determining variance and standard deviation from frequency distributions. The course covers rules of probability, probability distributions, and the use and abuse of the multiplication rule. Sample data is used to estimate population parameters. Tests of significance include one and two-way chi-squares. Statistical reasoning and probability are applied to quantitative and forensic evidence for use in litigious contexts. | 3 |
Semester 4 | Course Code | Course | Credits |
| PLBA 255 | MicroeconomicsMicroeconomicsCourse Code: PLBA 255 Credits: This course provides students with knowledge of economic models that include consumer demand, supply, prices, wages, employment, and the role of market structures in making decisions about what to buy, sell, price, and pay in a business environment.
The course begins with the concepts of opportunity costs and tradeoffs, and then proceeds to a consideration of how different types of economies determine which goods and services to produce, how to produce them, and to whom to distribute them.
Other course topics will include the theory of markets, price determination, and the economic theory of the firm in a global economy. The features and elements of competitive and imperfectly competitive markets are compared. Finally, the course examines the causes of income inequality and the tradeoff between income equality and economic efficiency. | |
| PLBA 256 | Tribunal Practice and ProcedureTribunal Practice and ProcedureCourse Code: PLBA 256 Credits: 3 This course examines the practice and procedure before administrative tribunals, including the requisite documentation in commencing proceedings, the burden of proof, the hearing process, and the record of the proceedings. Special attention is given to the pre-hearing stage, including timely disclosure and settlement initiatives. This course also covers the nature and purpose of administrative tribunals in carrying out mandates delegated by federal and provincial governments. The students explore the enabling legislation, and recent tribunal decisions in evaluating the success of different tribunals in carrying out their mandates. Firsthand insight into the workings of tribunals is gained from observation and critical analysis of local tribunal proceedings. Drawing upon this practical experience, the students apply the rules of procedural fairness, and address evidentiary and substantive issues in simulated administrative tribunal hearings. | 3 |
| PLBA 257 | Legal Computer ApplicationsLegal Computer ApplicationsCourse Code: PLBA 257 Credits: This course provides students with the requisite skills for formatting and editing legal documents, producing spreadsheets, and developing legal memoranda. Various exercises will be utilized in producing court documents that meet the requirements of the rules of the court or tribunal, and the substantive requirements for pleadings, applications, and interim proceedings.
Students will be required to utilize government websites and other legal sources in ensuring that the generated documents are current and complete. For the accounting functions of paralegal forms and law forms, students gain facility in the use of accounting software that meets the requirements of the Law Society of Upper Canada. Reference will be made to the bookkeeping requirements for paralegal licensees, including the Law Society's online bookkeeping guide. | |
| PLBA 258 | Legal Research/WritingLegal Research/WritingCourse Code: PLBA 258 Credits: 3 This course introduces students to the primary and secondary resources used in legal research, and a system for utilizing them in achieving effective research results. The importance of the doctrine of stare decisis, and the need for noting up case law and updating statute law are emphasized and reinforced with in-depth research assignments. The features and benefits of the various research tools are thoroughly examined including computer-assisted research methodology. The results of electronic/online legal research are synthesized and evaluated in the context of accelerating the research process. Recommended organizational models, and general rules of style are canvassed in guiding students in the preparation of case briefs and other forms of legal writing. Through various exercises, students learn to evaluate the appropriateness of different approaches to solving problems in diverse areas of study. | 3 |
| PLBA 259 | Residential Landlord and Tenant LawResidential Landlord and Tenant LawCourse Code: PLBA 259 Credits: 3 This course examines the statutory regime in Ontario governing the landlord and tenant relationship in respect of residential tenancies. The constitutional issues and rationale in transferring landlord and tenant proceedings from the court process to a specialized tribunal are thoroughly analyzed. Students are introduced to the procedures, practice and interpretative guidelines of the Ontario Landlord and Tenant Board empowered to enforce the rights and duties of landlords and tenants. A critical assessment is made of the changes in the application process and in the rent control regime triggered by the Residential Tenancies Act. The documentary requirements and data necessary for the proper prosecution of various types of applications are systematically examined. Simulated landlord and tenant proceedings and the probing observation of board hearings provide students with important insight into the dynamics of contested proceedings. | 3 |
Semester 5 | Course Code | Course | Credits |
| LASE 000 | Liberal Arts Breadth ElectiveLiberal Arts Breadth ElectiveCourse Code: LASE 000 Credits: 3 Students will be allowed to choose from a variety of breadth courses. These courses span a broad range of disciplines including sociology, psychology, philosophy, history, economics, and geography, among others. Elective offerings will vary from semester to semester. Academic Writing Anthropology | 3 |
| PLBA 301 | Immigration and Refugee LawImmigration and Refugee LawCourse Code: PLBA 301 Credits: 3 This course examines the constitutional framework governing immigration law and practice in Canada, and the evolution of the current system of immigration and refugee governance under the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. Students gain insight into the eligibility criteria applicable to temporary residents, and the documentation requirements for processing work permits, study permits and temporary resident visas. The standards and procedures in determining eligibility for admission as permanent residents are given detailed attention in the family class, and skilled worker categories. For business immigrants, the course will compare the requirements for investors, entrepreneurs and self-employed persons under the business immigration programs, and temporary entry for business visitors under the North American Free Trade Agreement. The important role of paralegals in representing refugee claimants in the refugee protection claim process will be thoroughly canvassed, including representation as counsel at the refugee protection hearings of the Immigration and Refugee Board. The students will critically assess Canada's treatment of Convention refugees, and develop a working model that safeguards the competing interests of the refugees and national security. | 3 |
| PLBA 302 | AdvocacyAdvocacyCourse Code: PLBA 302 Credits: 3 This course provides the skills, techniques and framework for implementing effective courtroom and tribunal advocacy strategies. It examines the various phases of litigation from the drafting of pleadings to the pre-trial process, and from the preparation of witnesses to trial strategies. Organized advocacy is emphasized through the use of checklists, case briefs, witness statements, and trial notebooks. The students gain fluency in presenting opening and closing arguments, conducting direct examinations and cross-examinations, challenging expert evidence, and preparing appeal factums. The course examines how the rules of evidence, privileged communications, and evidentiary burdens shape the case presentation. The course develops strategies in dealing with certain categories of witnesses, including the evasive witness, the biased witness and the mistaken witness. The ethics of advocacy receives special attention by examining such contentious issues as disclosure of facts and law, cross-examination limits, and communicating with a represented party. | 3 |
| PLBA 304 | Court and Government Office AdministrationCourt and Government Office AdministrationCourse Code: PLBA 304 Credits: 3 This course covers the functioning of law departments of federal and provincial government ministries and, while prosecuting or defending court proceedings, their interaction with the private sector. The role of these legal departments in carrying out public policy and ensuring compliance with statutory and regulatory regimes receives special attention. The course focuses on the workings of these offices in managing complex litigation through the use of project teams of lawyers, paralegals and legal assistants. Students gain firsthand insight into drafting pleadings, including statements of defence based on statutory underpinnings, the strategic considerations in requests to admit and statements of agreed facts, the intricacies of electronic document management, and the preparation and assessment of bills of costs. The important role of paralegals and legal assistants in the discovery process is explored in detail, including preparation of the affidavit of documents, organizing the extensive documentary evidence, supporting counsel at the examination for discovery, and handling undertakings arising from the examination for discovery. The students acquire an in depth understanding of the important role of crown law offices in pursuing or responding to complex litigious matters, and safeguarding the public interest. | 3 |
| PLBA 305 | Career DevelopmentCareer DevelopmentCourse Code: PLBA 305 Credits: In this course students develop the skills and techniques necessary for successfully pursuing job opportunities and career advancement in their chosen field. Students also acquire research skills to assess the employment marketplace, gain insight into the preparation of effective resumes, and hone their job interview skills. The course features informational interviews and stresses the importance of networking and promotional opportunities. Students develop the requisite approach to effectively articulate how their skills will meet the needs of potential employers. | |
| PLBA 306 | Alternative Dispute Resolution: Principles, Process, PracticeAlternative Dispute Resolution: Principles, Process, PracticeCourse Code: PLBA 306 Credits: This course examines the fundamentals of principled negotiations where interest-based bargaining is emphasized. This approach moves from the traditional model of competitive, distributive negotiations to integrative bargaining featuring collaborative strategies to reconcile the parties' competing interests. The students develop negotiation skills that enable them to effectively deal with conflict and fashion creative, value-added solutions. Various exercises will demonstrate how to use objective criteria, set a reservation point, and identify the best alternative to a negotiated settlement. The students are also introduced to the manner in which mediators help disputants make the transition from positional to problem-solving negotiations.
The facilitative model of mediation is featured where the mediator allows the parties to take account of a wider spectrum of needs and interests, and to generate creative options in overcoming impasse. The contrasting evaluative mediation model is explored, as to the mediator's use of communication skills, reframing techniques and personality traits in order to make the mediation process effective. The important impact of ethical considerations and legal issues on these forms of alternative dispute resolution receive special attention. |
Semester 6 | Course Code | Course | Credits |
| LASE 000 | Liberal Arts Breadth ElectiveLiberal Arts Breadth ElectiveCourse Code: LASE 000 Credits: 3 Students will be allowed to choose from a variety of breadth courses. These courses span a broad range of disciplines including sociology, psychology, philosophy, history, economics, and geography, among others. Elective offerings will vary from semester to semester. Academic Writing Anthropology | 3 |
| PLBA 351 | Alternative Dispute Resolution: Selected TopicsAlternative Dispute Resolution: Selected TopicsCourse Code: PLBA 351 Credits: This course examines the role of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in selected court and administrative tribunal proceedings. The use of mediation in pre-trial and settlement conferences of the Ontario court system, and the use of mediation and arbitration in the administrative tribunal sector, are explored as to their scope and effectiveness. In particular, the course will examine ADR in the context of insurance-related disputes, employee complaints, labour grievances, and human rights complaints. This course will also examine the role of paralegals in advancing their clients' interests in these processes, and in developing the skills needed to act as mediators. In developing effective mediation practices, students analyze the cultural aspects of mediation, legal issues in mediation clauses and agreements, legislated ADR structures and applicable professional conduct directives. Through case studies, the interaction of ADR theories and practices are assessed, and related to the outcomes achieved in developing optimum ADR models. | |
| PLBA 352 | Debtor/Creditor RightsDebtor/Creditor RightsCourse Code: PLBA 352 Credits: This course covers the rights and remedies of debtors when being pursued by unsecured, secured or preferred creditors, and the rights and remedies of such creditors in collecting unpaid debts. These rights and remedies are examined in the context of secured and unsecured consumer and business loans, outstanding accounts of repairers, storers, contractors and suppliers, defaults under leasing agreements, wrongful dismissal actions, and unpaid wages.
The course evaluates the options for debtors under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, the resulting impact on the priority of creditors, and the consequences of fraudulent conveyances or preferences. The unique issues that arise in the collection of lawyers' accounts, in invoking statutory remedies, and in claims against deceased estates receive special attention. | |
| PLBA 353 | Elder LawElder LawCourse Code: PLBA 353 Credits: 3 This course covers the unique legal issues affecting the elderly, and the role that the paralegal can play in protecting their interests and enforcing their rights. Students examine consent to treatment hearings by the Consent and Capacity Board, eligibility for pension, survivor, and disability benefits, advocacy for mentally incapable persons in mental hospitals, landlord and tenant disputes in the context of care homes, and consumer protection for the disadvantaged. In the area of human rights, discrimination based on age, and the duty to accommodate disabled persons receives special attention. The impact of powers of attorney for personal care and for property under the Substitute Decisions Act is thoroughly canvassed, together with issues of capacity and guardianship. | 3 |
| PLBA 354 | Advanced Legal WritingAdvanced Legal WritingCourse Code: PLBA 354 Credits: 3 This course applies the fundamentals of legal writing to more complex documentation encountered in paralegal practice, including case comments, legal research memoranda, affidavits, factums, written submissions, and reporting letters. The students are also introduced to the fundamentals of legislative and by-law drafting. Special attention will be given to the use of formal quotations, footnoting authorities, preferred words and expressions, proper paragraphing, the use of definitions and cross-references, and the format requirements for regulatory documents. The course will emphasize the importance of using plain language in legal writing in promoting the client's case, whether during negotiations, at the mediation stage or in the litigation process. In addition, the students will examine the documentary requirements of appellate advocacy and the presentation of persuasive, legal argument. | 3 |
| PLBA 400 | Paid Work Term (Summer)Paid Work Term (Summer)Course Code: PLBA 400 Credits: This course is intended to provide the paralegal student with practical work experience in a legal environment and to integrate those areas of academic study the student has already been exposed to, with practical experience of a paralegal nature. This course entails attendance by the student in a supervised legal environment for four weeks at the end of the fourth semester. |
Semester 7 | Course Code | Course | Credits |
| LASE 000 | Liberal Arts Breadth ElectiveLiberal Arts Breadth ElectiveCourse Code: LASE 000 Credits: 3 Students will be allowed to choose from a variety of breadth courses. These courses span a broad range of disciplines including sociology, psychology, philosophy, history, economics, and geography, among others. Elective offerings will vary from semester to semester. Academic Writing Anthropology | 3 |
| PLBA 405 | Criminal/Summary Conviction ProcedureCriminal/Summary Conviction ProcedureCourse Code: PLBA 405 Credits: This course examines the criminal justice system from the investigation of criminal matters and the arrest of the accused to pre-trial processes and disclosure obligations, and from the trial process to the finding of guilt and sentencing submissions. In the context of summary conviction proceedings, students gain insight into the role of the police, Crown prosecutors, and defence counsel and licensed paralegals as advocates for the accused. The course examines the categories of offences, the elements and specific defences of various offences, the charging documents, and judicial interim release of the accused. The various diversion options available, and the plea bargaining process are given special attention. The practice and procedure in the summary conviction court are covered, including pre-trial motions, evidentiary presumptions, and sentencing considerations. | |
| PLBA 406 | Legal AccountingLegal AccountingCourse Code: PLBA 406 Credits: 3 This course examines the fundamental tax principles and accounting practices applicable to carrying on a paralegal practice. Students gain insight into the dichotomy between income and capital receipts, the special tax treatment of partnerships and corporations, the intricacies of income tax and GST calculations and assessments, and the stringent requirements for compliance with these taxation regimes. The standards required for proper financial record keeping and the preparation of accounting statements are systematically examined. Students also receive practical experience in utilizing PCLaw and other practice management software systems. Through exercises and assignments, students acquire proficiency in preparing bookkeeping entries, accounting journals and ledgers, and profit and loss statements, and bank reconciliations. The fundamental principles of financial management are taught in accordance with the Law Society's requirements for financial record keeping. | 3 |
| PLBA 407 | Legal Framework of Paralegal PracticeLegal Framework of Paralegal PracticeCourse Code: PLBA 407 Credits: 3 This course examines the legal framework of different types of business enterprises that can be utilized in conducting a paralegal practice. Students will gain an in-depth understanding of the requirements, advantages and disadvantages of each, and thereby will be in the position to select the appropriate form of business organization. The course covers sole proprietorships, general partnerships, and professional corporations. Students will examine the registration requirements for businesses, the scope of partnership agreements, and the regulatory requirements for professional corporations. Through case studies, the internal workings of particular enterprises will be critically assessed, problem areas will be identified, and solutions will be proposed. In examining the legal framework of different business entities, the students will gain practical insight into the workings of small businesses, which form the core client base for paralegal practice. | 3 |
| PLBA 408 | Ethics and Professional ResponsibilityEthics and Professional ResponsibilityCourse Code: PLBA 408 Credits: 3 This course examines the ethical issues that arise in a professional paralegal practice. The students examine the differences in responsibilities between supervised and independent paralegals, and the interaction of paralegals within the legal community. In the framework of independent paralegal practice, students analyze the duty of paralegals to their clients, other licensees, and the administration of justice. In developing appropriate ethical practices for paralegals, the students examine the paralegal rules of conduct developed by the Law Society of Upper Canada. Though case studies, the students gain insight into the pitfalls of different courses of action, and the standards to which they are expected to adhere. The duty of paralegals to their clients is critically examined in the context of such issues as conflict of interest, confidentiality, competency, and honesty and candour. In addition, a model of ethical advocacy practices is developed by assessing the duty of the independent paralegal to the court and tribunal, as well as to the other parties and their legal representatives. | 3 |
Semester 8 | Course Code | Course | Credits |
| LASE 000 | Liberal Arts Breadth ElectiveLiberal Arts Breadth ElectiveCourse Code: LASE 000 Credits: 3 Students will be allowed to choose from a variety of breadth courses. These courses span a broad range of disciplines including sociology, psychology, philosophy, history, economics, and geography, among others. Elective offerings will vary from semester to semester. Academic Writing Anthropology | 3 |
| PLBA 451 | Access to JusticeAccess to JusticeCourse Code: PLBA 451 Credits: This course focuses on issues related to access to justice in Ontario triggered by the Access to Justice Act, 2006. Students will analyze the consequences of the emergence of licensed paralegals as a recognized profession in the legal community. In particular, the course will examine the impact of regulated paralegals on accessibility to both the civil and criminal justice systems. Other amendments contained in the Access to Justice Act, 2006 will be considered for their impact on access to justice such as changes made to the Limitations Act, 2002, the official status given to e-Laws, and the modernizing of the underlying legal framework for Ontario law under the Legislation Act, 2006. The important role of paralegals in facilitating access to justice will be further explored in developing proposals for law reform in procedural and substantive areas in Ontario. Within the priorities categorized by the Law Commission of Ontario, students will identify shortcomings in the existing justice system, and opportunities to improve access to the courts, administrative tribunals, and government services. | |
| PLBA 453 | Insurance LawInsurance LawCourse Code: PLBA 453 Credits: 3 This course examines the special legal principles that apply to insurance coverage, including the risk transfer mechanism, the duty of good faith, the nature of insurable interest, and the limits of insurability. The insurance regimes governing automobile accidents and injured workers in Ontario are systematically examined, including the statutory conditions imposed, the formal claims process, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and the appellate role of tribunals. The course will evaluate the evidentiary requirements in support of medical claims, and the procedural requirements in pursuing compensation. The standards required for paralegal representation, and the ethical precepts protecting the insured and their claims are fully examined. Students will analyze the relationship between the insurance regimes and tort law, and when tort remedies are to be pursued in the absence of insurance coverage. | 3 |
| PLBA 455 | Practice ManagementPractice ManagementCourse Code: PLBA 455 Credits: 3 This course provides students with the tools for launching a successful independent paralegal practice. The course focuses on the appropriate fee structure for the paralegal practice, the scope of the retainer, the timely performance of services, and the skill set required for rendering the services. Following coverage of the practice management obligations under the Paralegal Rules of Conduct, students analyze the proper staffing of a paralegal practice, supervision and delegation issues, and employment-related legislation. Marketing and advertising are examined within the context of permitted areas of practice, using appropriate promotional materials. The insurance requirements receive special attention, including dealing with claims made against the paralegal practitioner. Cost-advantage strategies and marketing-advantage strategies are developed by examining market segmentation and its variables, and niche marketing. Building upon their knowledge of tax, accounting and the legal framework of business enterprises, the students learn to develop an effective business plan from the lender's and the investor's perspectives. Promotional and pricing strategies receive special attention including advertising practices, sales promotion and pricing analysis. In the operations phase, the course covers the obligations to maintain a conflict checking system, reminders systems, and electronic or written records. In regard to client files, systems analysis addresses file organization, retention requirements, and the interaction of technology and Law Society precepts. The financial performance of the small business enterprise is evaluated using accounting statements, and assessing liquidity, profitability, stability and return to owners. | 3 |
| PLBA 456 | Employment LawEmployment LawCourse Code: PLBA 456 Credits: This course examines the statutory requirements, and common law principles applying to the employment relationship. The course covers the minimum standards of the Employment Standards Act, including overtime, statutory leaves and entitlements upon the termination of employment. The human rights issues impacting on the hiring, promotion and dismissal of employees, as well as the employer's duty to accommodate employee disabilities receive in-depth treatment. Students analyze the development of common law principles governing notice periods and wrongful dismissal claims, constructive dismissal, unjust dismissal and Wallacetype damages. The interaction between statutory tribunals and the court process in dealing with employment disputes is critically assessed. In the labour context, the course examines the collective bargaining regime, including the role of the trade union, the scope of collective agreements, and the grievance process. Workplace safety issues are considered in the context of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, and privacy issues are analyzed under PIPEDA. |
Humber has been granted a consent by the Minister of Training, Colleges and Universities to offer this applied degree for a five-year term starting December 31, 2007. An application for renewal of the consent has been submitted and the current consent remains in effect until a decision on the renewal application is made. Humber will ensure that all students admitted to this program will have the opportunity to complete the program within a reasonable time frame.
